Environmental health report: managing marine harmful algal blooms in recreational settings: a review of international approaches to guide risk management practice in Aotearoa New Zealand
Please note: As of 1 July 2025, the New Zealand Institute for Public Health and Forensic Science (PHF Science) is the new name for the Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR). Research and reports published prior to this date may reference the organisation’s former name.
Summary
Microalgae (microscopic algae) are ubiquitous in marine environments and are an extremely important component of this ecosystem. However, under certain conditions, some species produce toxins and form harmful algal blooms (HABs) that can negatively impact human health. In Aotearoa New Zealand there have been incidents of recreational exposure to microalgal blooms and toxins resulting in respiratory and skin irritation issues. The influence of climate change on the distribution and occurrence of HAB species is not yet fully understood, but several HAB taxa or types of HAB events are likely to become more prevalent and require further investigation. The aims of this review are to determine the feasibility of developing HAB guidelines for Aotearoa New Zealand and to identify current knowledge gaps that might limit their development and implementation of possible guidelines.